On December, 08 2014 by Israël Science Info Desk
Pilots are trained to guard against vertigo: a sudden loss of the sense of vertical direction that renders them unable to tell “up” from “down” and sometimes even leads to crashes. Coming up out of a subway station can produce similar confusion: For a few moments, you are unsure which way to go, until regaining your sense of direction. In both cases, the disorientation is thought to be caused by a temporary malfunction of a brain circuit that operates as a three-dimensional (3D) compass.
Weizmann Institute scientists have now for the first time demonstrated the existence of such a 3D compass in the mammalian brain. The study was performed by graduate student Arseny Finkelstein in the laboratory of
Prof. Nachum Ulanovsky of the Neurobiology Department, together with Dr. Dori Derdikman, Dr. Alon Rubin, Jakob N. Foerster and Dr. Liora Las. As reported in
Nature on December 3, the researchers have shown that the brains of bats contain
neurons that sense which way the bat’s head is pointed and could therefore support the animal’s navigation in 3D space.
Navigation relies on spatial memory: past experience of different locations. This memory is formed primarily in a deep-seated brain structure called the hippocampal formation. In mammals, three types of brain cells, located in different areas of the hippocampal formation, form key components of the navigation system: “place” and “grid” cells, which work like a GPS, allowing animals to keep track of their position; and “head-direction” cells, which respond whenever the animal’s head points in a specific direction, acting like a compass. Much research has been conducted on place and grid cells, whose discoverers were awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, but until recently, head-direction cells have been studied only in two-dimensional (2D) settings, in rats, and very little was known about the encoding of 3D head direction in the brain.
To study the functioning of head-direction cells in three dimensions, Weizmann Institute scientists developed a tracking apparatus that allowed them to video-monitor all the three angles of head rotation – in flight terminology, yaw, pitch and roll – and to observe the movements of freely-behaving Egyptian fruit bats. At the same time, the bats’ neuronal activity was monitored via implanted microelectrodes. Recordings made with the help of these microelectrodes revealed that in a specific sub-region of the hippocampal formation, neurons are tuned to a particular 3D angle of the head: Certain neurons became activated only when the animal’s head was pointed at that 3D angle.
The study also revealed for the first time how the brain computes a sense of the vertical direction, integrating it with the horizontal. It turns out that in the neural compass, these directions are computed separately, at different levels of complexity: The scientists found that head-direction cells in one region of the hippocampal formation became activated in response to the bat’s orientation relative to the horizontal surface, that is, facilitating the animal’s orientation in two dimensions, whereas cells responding to the vertical component of the bat’s movement – that is, a 3D orientation – were located in another region. The researchers believe that the 2D head-direction cells could serve for locomotion along surfaces, as happens in humans when driving a car, whereas the 3D cells could be important for complex maneuvers in space, such as climbing tree branches or, in the case of humans, moving through multi-story buildings or piloting an aircraft.
By further experimenting on inverted bats, those hanging head-down, the scientists were able to clarify how exactly the head-direction signals are computed in the bat brain. It turned out that these computations are performed in a way that can be described by an exceptionally efficient system of mathematical coordinates (the technical term is “toroidal”). Thanks to this computational approach used by their brain, the bats can efficiently orient themselves in space whether they are moving head up or down.
This research supports the idea that head-direction cells in the hippocampal formation serve as a 3D neural compass. Though the study was conducted in bats, the scientists believe their findings should also apply to non-flying mammals, including squirrels and monkeys that jump between tree branches, as well as humans. “Now this blueprint can be applied to other species that experience 3D in a more limited sense,” Prof. May-Britt Moser, one of the 2014 Nobel laureates, writes in the “News and Views” opinion piece that accompanies the Weizmann study in Nature.
Prof. Ulanovsky’s research is supported by the Rowland and Sylvia Schaefer Family Foundation; Mike and Valeria Rosenbloom through the Mike Rosenbloom Foundation; the Irving B. Harris Foundation; Mr. and Mrs. Steven Harowitz, San Francisco, CA; and the European Research Council.
Laboratory of Nachum Ulanovsky
Research interests
Neural Codes for 2D and 3D Space in Bat Hippocampus and Entorhinal Cortex
Our lab focuses on elucidating the neural basis of spatial cognition, navigation, and spatial memory in the mammalian hippocampal formation – using bats as a novel animal model that we pioneered. Out study species, the Egyptian fruit bat, is a large bat species weighing ~150-180 gr, which allows the bat to carry wireless neural telemetry and neuro-logging devices, optogenetic stimulators, miniaturized GPS systems, and more – all in flight. Some of our main results in recent years include finding grid-cells in the entorhinal cortex of crawling bats, without theta oscillations – arguing against theta-based models of grid cells. We also succeeded in recording neural spiking activity in freely flying bats, using a custom neural-telemetry system, and have found that in flight, 3D hippocampal place cells had nearly spherical 3D place fields. We also showed recently a surprising optimization principle in the sonar system of Egyptian fruit bats. Additional studies included tracking of bat navigation in the wild, using tiny GPS dataloggers, which provided evidence for a ‘cognitive map’ on a 100-km scale in bats.
Overall, our general approach is to take advantage of the unique properties of bats – their temporally-discrete sensory system (sonar) and excellent vision, and their 3D flight abilities – in order to ask general questions in Systems Neuroscience; particularly questions that are difficult to address using rodents. Our long-term vision is to develop a “Natural Neuroscience” approach for studying the neural basis of behavior – tapping into the animal’s natural behaviors in complex, large-scale, naturalistic settings – while not compromising on rigorous experimental control. We firmly believe that pursuing such an approach will lead to novel and surprising insights about the Brain.
