Universités de Haïfa et de Tel Aviv : découverte en Israël du plus ancien Homo sapiens hors d’Afrique

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Un fossile vieux de 180 000 ans trouvé sur le mont Carmel est le plus vieux représentant de notre espèce connu hors du berceau africain de l’humanité. Quand l’homme moderne, alias Homo sapiens, est-il sorti d’Afrique ? La présence de fossiles appartenant à notre espèce dans les grottes israéliennes de Skhul et Qafzeh, datés respectivement de 90 000 et 120 000 ans, donnait une fourchette assez large. Mais la découverte d’une demi-mâchoire datant d’environ 180 000 ans, dans la grotte toute proche de Misliya, sur le mont Carmel, elle aussi attribuée à un sapiens, montre que les excursions vers le Levant ont été bien plus précoces qu’on ne l’avait envisagé.

« Cela double presque l’ancienneté de ces premières migrations hors d’Afrique, se réjouit l’anthropologue Israël Hershkovitz (université de Tel-Aviv), responsable des fouilles. Et cela signifie aussi que les périodes d’interaction avec les autres représentants du genre Homo qui étaient déjà hors d’Afrique ont été bien plus longues qu’on le croyait. » Avec l’annonce en 2017 de la découverte au Maroc, sur le site de Djebel Irhoud, d’un représentant de notre lignée vieux de 315 000 ans, l’heure est encore une fois à repousser dans le temps et dans l’espace l’emprise de notre espèce sur la planète…

Suite de l’article de Hervé Morin sur Le Monde

NDLR Israël Science Info : Le Pr Hershkovitz a dirigé l’équipe internationale d’anthropologues qui a mené l’étude en collaboration avec le Pr Mina Weinstein-Evron de l’Institut Zinman d’archéologie de l’Université de Haïfa.

Publication dans Science, 26 janvier 2018

[:en]Discovery of jawbone pushes back history of Homo sapiens migration by at least 50,000 years, Tel Aviv University and University of Haifa researchers say.

A jawbone complete with teeth recently discovered at Israel’s Misliya cave has now been dated to 177,000-194,000 years ago. The finding indicates that modern humans were present in the Levant at least 50,000 years earlier than previously thought.

« This finding — that early modern humans were present outside of Africa earlier than commonly believed — completely changes our view on modern human dispersal and the history of modern human evolution, » says Prof. Israel Hershkovitz of the Department of Anatomy and Anthropology at Tel Aviv University’s Sackler Faculty of Medicine. Prof. Hershkovitz led the international team of anthropologists who conducted the study in collaboration with Prof. Mina Weinstein-Evron of the Zinman Institute of Archaeology at the University of Haifa. The research was recently published in the journal Science.

The common consensus of anthropologists has been that modern humans appeared in Africa roughly 160,000-200,000 years ago, based on fossils found in Ethiopia, and that modern humans evolved in Africa and started migrating out of Africa around 100,000 years ago.

The research team discovered the fossil, an adult upper jawbone with several teeth, at the Misliya cave in Israel, one of several prehistoric cave sites located on Mount Carmel. The scientists applied various dating techniques to the fossil to determine that the jawbone is at least 170,000 years old. They also analyzed the remains using microCT scans and 3D virtual models to compare it with other hominin fossils discovered in parts of Africa, Europe and Asia.

Turning back the clock

« But if the fossil at Misliya dates to roughly 170,000-190,000 years ago, the entire narrative of the evolution of Homo sapiens must be pushed back by at least 100,000-200,000 years, » Prof. Hershkovitz says. « In other words, if modern humans started traveling out of Africa some 200,000 years ago, it follows that they must have originated in Africa at least 300,000-500,000 years ago. »

Until now, the earliest remains of modern human found outside of Africa, at the Skhul and Qafzeh caves in Israel, were dated to 90,000-120,000 years ago.

« Our research makes sense of many recent anthropological and genetic finds, » Prof. Hershkovitz says. « About a year ago, scientists reported finding the remains of modern humans in China dating to about 80,000-100,000 years ago. This suggested that their migration occurred earlier than previously thought, but until our discovery at Misliya, we could not explain it.

« Numerous different pieces of the puzzle — the occurrence of the earliest modern human in Misliya, evidence of genetic mixture between Neanderthals and humans, modern humans in China — now fall into place, » he observes.

The Middle East was a major corridor for hominin migrations, occupied at different times by both modern humans and Neanderthals. The new discovery at Misliya suggests an earlier demographic replacement or genetic admixture with local populations than previously thought.

« All of the anatomical details in the Misliya fossil are fully consistent with modern humans, but some features resemble those found in the remains of Neanderthals and other human groups. This suggests that, while Africa was the origin of our species, some of our traits must have evolved or been acquired outside of Africa, » says Prof. Hershkovitz.

According to Prof. Weinstein-Evron, the inhabitants of Misliya cave were capable hunters of large game species such as aurochs, Persian fallow deer and gazelles, routinely used fire, made a wide use of plants and produced an Early Middle Paleolithic stone tool kit, employing sophisticated innovative techniques, similar to those found with the earliest modern humans in Africa. The association of the Misliya maxilla with such evolved technologies in the Levant suggests that their emergence is linked to the appearance of Homo sapiens in the region.

Publication in Science, January 26 th 2018[:]